One of the factors that can be the link between our intentions and actions and their external consequences is human agency, which indicates the conscious design and intentional execution of actions by the individual in order to influence future events.Objective and Method: This research with a developmental approach of psychometric method and method 1, examines the psychometric indices of the Human Factor Characteristics Scale using the classical theory of test score measurement and the graduated question-answer theory. The purpose of this study, which included high school students in Tehran, was selected by cluster sampling of 500 people as a sample size and statistical analysis was performed on 481 data. To collect the data, the ion Human Agent Characteristics Scale (2011) was used and the research questions were evaluated using IRTPRO and SPSS software.Results:The assumption of local independence based on Pearson x2 index was established by applying Simjima's calibrated question-answer theory and the assumption of being one-dimensional based on the analysis of multidimensional question-answer theory. Diagnosis parameters with question-answer approach and classical approach Test score Both item 25 approach had the lowest and item 2 had the highest diagnosis parameter. The answer thresholds for all the questions were so far apart that no option was covered by the other option, and the options were independently selected by individuals at intervals of theta. The total scale was calculated with Cronbach's alpha of 0.945, intentionality of 0.894, foresight of 0.780, self-reactivity of 0.871 and rethinking of 0.762. Also, the role of each item in internal consistency was investigated by the loop method, which all questions had a favorable role in internal consistency of this scale. The value of the validity coefficient obtained from the question-answer theory was obtained by marginal method for intentionality 0.92, forethought 0.85, self-reaction 0.91, rethinking 0.83..

In this paper, we propose a novel numerical method for solving Hallen’s integral equation, based on the sinc collocation approximation. The key innovation of our approach lies in the incorporation of weight functions into the traditional sinc-expansion framework. By leveraging the properties of sinc collocation, we transform Hallen’s integral equation into a system of algebraic equations, which can be solved efficiently.  Our method involves discretizing the singular kernel of Hallen’s integral equation and then applying the sinc approximation. Additionally, we provide a detailed analysis of the convergence and error estimation of the proposed method. Numerical results are presented for three distinct values of $\lambda$ and $l$, as well as for three different weight functions: $w(t)=1+\sin(\pi t)$, $w(t)=1+\cos(\frac{\pi t}{2})$ and $w(t)=1+t$.

Let $R$ be a commutative ring with identity and $M$ be an $R$-module. The main purpose of this paper is to introduce and investigate the notion of classical and strongly classical $n$-absorbing second submodules as a dual notion of classical $n$-absorbing submodules. We obtain some basic properties of these classes of modules.

This paper gives a general perspective on classical and post-classical Narratology. First, it is said that anything that tells a story, may be called narrative. Then, it goes to say that Narratology as a whole is a theory of narrative. Dividing Narratology into classical/ Post-classical, this paper distinguishes between story, chain of events and discourse; the means by which the story is communicated. The main elements of the story (including time, place and character) and those of discourse (including narrative communication model, the act of narration, point of view / focalization and speech and thought representations, are described in the body of the paper. Finally, reviewing classical Narratology, this paper lists some characteristics of postclassical Narratology as the new theory of narrative grammer.

The purpose of this research project was to determine the effects of incorporating concept mapping on the achievement of sixth grade students in science class. The study was conducted with 23 students on Elementary School in Khoy. The students were tested with teacher-constructed pre-and post-tests containing 20 multiple-choice questions. The pupils in the experimental and control groups were exposed to the same teaching techniques covering a unit on Force. They were given the same pretest after the initial lessons. However, after the pretest, the control group was given a traditional oral review of the material and the experimental group was exposed to the review by the use of Inspiration, which is computer based concept mapping tool. After these reviews, the students on both groups were given the posttest. Test scores were analyzed for any statistically significantly difference in the scores on the test. The results from present study indicate that concept mapping has a noticeable impact on student achievement in science classes.

Internal auditing is conducted in a variety of legal and cultural environments, and for organizations with different goals, sizes, complexity and structure, both internally and externally. According to the adoption of the internal control instruction of the stock exchange in 2012 and the formation of Internal Auditors Association at the same year, internal audit profession in Iran seems new. In this study, by adopting a qualitative research approach and using the classical method of grounded theory, we examine the perception of internal audit from internal audit managers point of view as professional executives of internal auditing profession, and its compliance with The Institute of Internal Auditors standards. The results of the survey indicate that from internal audit managers view in Iran, there is a divergence of internal audit function from the definition of internal audit in The Institute of Internal Auditors standards and the need to redefine it in Iran.

There can be no doubt that nanotechnology will play a major role in our future technology. Computer science offers more opportunities for quantum and nanotechnology systems. Soft Computing techniques such as swarm intelligence, can enable systems with desirable emergent properties. Optimization is an important and decisive activity in structural designing. The inexpensive requirement in memory and computation suits well with nanosized autonomous agents whose capabilities may be limited by their size. To apply in nanorobot control, a modification of PSO algorithm is required. Using birds’ classical conditioning learning behavior in this paper, particles will learn to perform a natural conditional behavior towards an unconditioned stimulus. Particles in the problem space are divided into multiple categories and if any particle finds the diversity of its category in a low level, it will try to move towards its best personal experience. We also used the idea of birds’ sensitivity to the space in which they fly and tried to move the particles more quickly in improper spaces so that they would depart the spaces. On the contrary, we reduced the particles’ speed in valuable spaces in order to do more search. The proposed method was implemented in MATLAB software and compared to similar results. It was shown that the proposed method finds a good solution to the problem regardless of nondeterministic functions or stochastic conditions.